This reference and its contents are one of the best references for turbomachinery courses
Table of Content
Vibration
The Basic Vibration Signal | |
Frequency | |
Amplitude | |
Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration | |
The Vibration of Machines | |
Rotation and Precession | |
Free Vibration | |
Forced Vibration | |
Resonance | |
Self-Excited Vibration | |
Summary |
Phase
What is Phase | |
Why Is Phase Important | |
The Keyphasor Event | |
Phase Measurement | |
Absolute Phase | |
Relative Phase | |
Differential Phase | |
Summary |
Vibration Vectors
Unfiltered Vibration | |
Filtering and the Vibration Vector | |
Working with Vibration Vectors | |
The Slow Roll Vector | |
Summary |
Timebase Plots
The Structure of a Timebase Plot | |
The Keyphasor Mark | |
Compensation of Timebase Plots | |
Information Contained in the Timebase Plot | |
Summary |
The Orbit
The Construction of the Orbit | |
The Keyphasor Mark | |
Compensation of Orbits | |
Information Contained in the Orbit | |
The Orbit/Timebase Plot | |
Summary |
Average Shaft Centerline Plots
The Construction of the Average Shaft Centerline Plot | |
Information Contained in the Average Shaft Centerline Plot | |
The Complete Picture: Orbit Plus Average Shaft Centerline Position | |
Summary |
Polar, Bode, and APHT Plots
The Structure of Polar and Bode Plots | |
Slow Roll Compensation | |
Information Contained in Polar and Bode Plots | |
APHT Plots | |
Acceptance Region Plots | |
Summary | |
References |
Half and Full Spectrum Plots
The Half Spectrum Plot | |
Technical Issues | |
The Full Spectrum | |
Spectrum Cascade Plots | |
Spectrum Waterfall Plots | |
Summary |
The Rotor System Model
Introduction to Modeling | |
Assumptions | |
The Coordinate System and Position Vector | |
Lambda (A): A Model of Fluid Circulation | |
Fluid-film Bearing Forces and Stiffnesses | |
Other Sources of Spring Stiffness | |
The Damping Force | |
The Perturbation Force | |
The Free Body Diagram | |
The Equation of Motion | |
Solution of the Equation of Motion | |
Nonsynchronous Dynamic Stiffness | |
Amplitude and Phase of the Vibration Response | |
The Attitude Angle: Rotor Response to a Static Radial Load | |
Synchronous Rotor Response | |
Synchronous Dynamic Stiffness | |
Predicted Rotor Vibration | |
Nonlinearities | |
The Benefits and Limitations of the Simple Model | |
Extending the Simple Model | |
Summary | |
References |
Dynamic Stiffness and Rotor Behavior
What Is Dynamic Stiffness | |
Rotor Parameters and Dynamic Stiffness | |
Synchronous Rotor Behavior | |
Synchronous Behavior Below Resonance | |
Synchronous Behavior At The Balance Resonance | |
How Changes In Dynamic Stiffness Affect Vibration | |
Summary |
Modes of Vibration
Mode Shapes | |
Forced Mode Shapes and Multimode Response | |
Modal Parameters | |
The Measurement of Mode Shape | |
Mode Identification Probes | |
Summary |
Anisotropic Stiffness
Anisotropic Stiffness | |
Split Resonances | |
Measured Rotor Behavior and Anisotropic Stiffness | |
Probe Mounting Orientation and Measured Response | |
Virtual Probe Rotation | |
Forward and Reverse Vectors | |
Summary | |
References |
Rotor Stability Analysis: The Root Locus
What is Stability | |
Stability and Dynamic Stiffness | |
Stability Analysis | |
State-Space Formulation of the Eigenvalue Problem | |
The Root Locus Plot | |
The Root Locus and Amplification Factors | |
Parameter Variation and the Root Locus | |
The Root Locus of Anisotropic and Multimode Systems | |
The Root Locus and the Logarithmic Decrement | |
The Root Locus and the Campbell Diagram | |
Root Locus Analysis of Machine Stability Problems | |
Summary | |
References |
Torsional and Axial Vibration
The Torsional View of the Rotor | |
Static and Dynamic Torsional Response | |
Torsional/Radial Cross Coupling | |
Torsional Vibration Measurement | |
Axial Vibration | |
Summary | |
References |
Basic Balancing of Rotor Systems
Unbalance and Rotor Response | |
Vibration Transducers And Balancing | |
Balancing Methodology | |
Locating the Heavy Spot Using a Polar Plot | |
Using Polar Plots Of Velocity and Acceleration Data | |
Selecting the Calibration Weight | |
Relating Balance Ring Location To Polar Plot Location | |
Single Plane Balancing With Calibration Weights | |
Weight Splitting | |
The Influence Vector | |
The Influence Vector And Dynamic Stiffness | |
Multiple Modes And Multiplane Balancing | |
Multiplane Balancing With Influence Vectors | |
How Balancing Can Go Wrong | |
Summary | |
References |
Malfunctions
Introduction to Malfunctions
What is a Malfunction | |
Detection of Malfunctions |
Unbalance
Rotor System Vibration Due To Unbalance | |
Stress and Damage | |
Other Things That Can Look Like Unbalance | |
Runout | |
Rotor Bow | |
Electrical Noise in the Transducer System | |
Coupling Problems | |
Shaft Crack | |
Loose Part or Debris | |
Rotor Dynamic Effects of Rotor Bow | |
Thermal Bow During Operation | |
Diagnosing Rotor Bow | |
Removing Rotor Bow | |
Summary | |
References |
High Radial Loads and Misalignment
Static Radial Loads | |
What Is Misalignment | |
Temperature Changes and Alignment | |
Causes of Misalignment | |
Symptoms of High Radial Load and Misalignment | |
Bearing Temperature | |
Vibration Changes | |
Stresses and Wear | |
Abnormal Average Shaft Centerline Position | |
Orbit Shape | |
Rub | |
Fluid-induced Instability | |
Summary |
Rub and Looseness
Rub and Looseness | |
Partial Radial Rub | |
Full Annular Rub | |
Rub-Induced Forces and Spring Stiffness Changes | |
Rub and Steady State 1X Vibration | |
Rub and IX Vibration During Resonance | |
Subsynchronous Vibration | |
Symptoms of Rub | |
Other Malfunctions with Similar Symptom | |
Summary |
Fluid-Induced Instability
The Cause of Fluid-Induced Instability | |
Modes of Instability: Whirl and Whip | |
Symptoms of Fluid-induced Instability | |
Other Malfunctions That Can Produce Similar Symptoms | |
Locating the Source of Instability | |
Eliminating Fluid-Induced Instability | |
Summary |
Externally Pressurized Bearings and Machinery Diagnostics
Types of Bearings | |
Internally Pressurized Fluid-Film Bearings | |
Externally Pressurized Fluid-Film Bearings | |
Stiffness and Modal Damping in Fluid-Film Bearings | |
Variable Stiffness in Internally Pressurized Bearings | |
Variable Stiffness in Externally Pressurized Bearings | |
Rotor Dynamic Implication of Variable Stiffness Bearings | |
Diagnostic Implications of Variable Stiffness Bearings | |
Summary | |
References |
Shaft Cracks
Crack Initiation, Growth, and Fracture | |
Reduction of Shaft Stiffness Due To a Crack | |
Shaft Asymmetry and 2X Vibration | |
The First Rule of Crack Detection (1X) | |
The Second Rule of Crack Detection (2X) | |
Other Malfunctions That Produce IX Vibration Changes | |
Other Malfunctions That Produce 2X Vibration | |
Design and Operating Recommendations | |
Monitoring Recommendations | |
Summary |
Appendix
A1 Phase Measurement Conventions The Instrumentation Convention The Mathematical Convention Converting Between The Two Conventions Phase on Bode and APHT Plots | |
A2 Filtered Orbit and Timebase Synthesis Timebase Synthesis Orbit Synthesis | |
A3 The Origin Of the Tangential Stiffness Term Modeling the Pressure Wedge Transformation to Stationary Coordinates Reference | |
A4 SAF Calculation Peak Ratio Method Phase Slope Method Polar Plot Method | |
A5 Vector Transforms Virtual Probe Rotation The Forward and Reverse Transform and Full Spectrum References | |
A7 Units of Measurement Metric/US Customary Unit Conversions Unit Prefixes Unit Abbreviations Force, Weight. and Mass in the US Customary System | |
AS Nomenclature Upper case Homan Lower case Roman Upper case Greek Lower case Greek |