Turbomachinery and Rotordynamic Course

This reference and its contents are one of the best references for turbomachinery courses

Table of Content

Vibration

The Basic Vibration Signal
Frequency
Amplitude
Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration
The Vibration of Machines
Rotation and Precession
Free Vibration
Forced Vibration
Resonance
Self-Excited Vibration
Summary

Phase

What is Phase
Why Is Phase Important
The Keyphasor Event
Phase Measurement
Absolute Phase
Relative Phase
Differential Phase
Summary

Vibration Vectors

Unfiltered Vibration
Filtering and the Vibration Vector
Working with Vibration Vectors
The Slow Roll Vector
Summary

Timebase Plots

The Structure of a Timebase Plot
The Keyphasor Mark
Compensation of Timebase Plots
Information Contained in the Timebase Plot
Summary

The Orbit

The Construction of the Orbit
The Keyphasor Mark
Compensation of Orbits
Information Contained in the Orbit
The Orbit/Timebase Plot
Summary

Average Shaft Centerline Plots

The Construction of the Average Shaft Centerline Plot
Information Contained in the Average Shaft Centerline Plot
The Complete Picture: Orbit Plus Average Shaft Centerline Position
Summary

Polar, Bode, and APHT Plots

The Structure of Polar and Bode Plots
Slow Roll Compensation
Information Contained in Polar and Bode Plots
APHT Plots
Acceptance Region Plots
Summary
References

Half and Full Spectrum Plots

The Half Spectrum Plot
Technical Issues
The Full Spectrum
Spectrum Cascade Plots
Spectrum Waterfall Plots
Summary

The Rotor System Model

Introduction to Modeling
Assumptions
The Coordinate System and Position Vector
Lambda (A): A Model of Fluid Circulation
Fluid-film Bearing Forces and Stiffnesses
Other Sources of Spring Stiffness
The Damping Force
The Perturbation Force
The Free Body Diagram
The Equation of Motion
Solution of the Equation of Motion
Nonsynchronous Dynamic Stiffness
Amplitude and Phase of the Vibration Response
The Attitude Angle: Rotor Response to a Static Radial Load
Synchronous Rotor Response
Synchronous Dynamic Stiffness
Predicted Rotor Vibration
Nonlinearities
The Benefits and Limitations of the Simple Model
Extending the Simple Model
Summary
References

Dynamic Stiffness and Rotor Behavior

What Is Dynamic Stiffness
Rotor Parameters and Dynamic Stiffness
Synchronous Rotor Behavior
Synchronous Behavior Below Resonance
Synchronous Behavior At The Balance Resonance
How Changes In Dynamic Stiffness Affect Vibration
Summary

Modes of Vibration

Mode Shapes
Forced Mode Shapes and Multimode Response
Modal Parameters
The Measurement of Mode Shape
Mode Identification Probes
Summary

Anisotropic Stiffness

Anisotropic Stiffness
Split Resonances
Measured Rotor Behavior and Anisotropic Stiffness
Probe Mounting Orientation and Measured Response
Virtual Probe Rotation
Forward and Reverse Vectors
Summary
References

Rotor Stability Analysis: The Root Locus

What is Stability
Stability and Dynamic Stiffness
Stability Analysis
State-Space Formulation of the Eigenvalue Problem
The Root Locus Plot
The Root Locus and Amplification Factors
Parameter Variation and the Root Locus
The Root Locus of Anisotropic and Multimode Systems
The Root Locus and the Logarithmic Decrement
The Root Locus and the Campbell Diagram
Root Locus Analysis of Machine Stability Problems
Summary
References

Torsional and Axial Vibration

The Torsional View of the Rotor
Static and Dynamic Torsional Response
Torsional/Radial Cross Coupling
Torsional Vibration Measurement
Axial Vibration
Summary
References

Basic Balancing of Rotor Systems

Unbalance and Rotor Response
Vibration Transducers And Balancing
Balancing Methodology
Locating the Heavy Spot Using a Polar Plot
Using Polar Plots Of Velocity and Acceleration Data
Selecting the Calibration Weight
Relating Balance Ring Location To Polar Plot Location
Single Plane Balancing With Calibration Weights
Weight Splitting
The Influence Vector
The Influence Vector And Dynamic Stiffness
Multiple Modes And Multiplane Balancing
Multiplane Balancing With Influence Vectors
How Balancing Can Go Wrong
Summary
References

Malfunctions

Introduction to Malfunctions

What is a Malfunction
Detection of Malfunctions

Unbalance

Rotor System Vibration Due To Unbalance
Stress and Damage
Other Things That Can Look Like Unbalance
Runout
Rotor Bow
Electrical Noise in the Transducer System
Coupling Problems
Shaft Crack
Loose Part or Debris
Rotor Dynamic Effects of Rotor Bow
Thermal Bow During Operation
Diagnosing Rotor Bow
Removing Rotor Bow
Summary
References

High Radial Loads and Misalignment

Static Radial Loads
What Is Misalignment
Temperature Changes and Alignment
Causes of Misalignment
Symptoms of High Radial Load and Misalignment
Bearing Temperature
Vibration Changes
Stresses and Wear
Abnormal Average Shaft Centerline Position
Orbit Shape
Rub
Fluid-induced Instability
Summary

Rub and Looseness

Rub and Looseness
Partial Radial Rub
Full Annular Rub
Rub-Induced Forces and Spring Stiffness Changes
Rub and Steady State 1X Vibration
Rub and IX Vibration During Resonance
Subsynchronous Vibration
Symptoms of Rub
Other Malfunctions with Similar Symptom
Summary

Fluid-Induced Instability

The Cause of Fluid-Induced Instability
Modes of Instability: Whirl and Whip
Symptoms of Fluid-induced Instability
Other Malfunctions That Can Produce Similar Symptoms
Locating the Source of Instability
Eliminating Fluid-Induced Instability
Summary

Externally Pressurized Bearings and Machinery Diagnostics

Types of Bearings
Internally Pressurized Fluid-Film Bearings
Externally Pressurized Fluid-Film Bearings
Stiffness and Modal Damping in Fluid-Film Bearings
Variable Stiffness in Internally Pressurized Bearings
Variable Stiffness in Externally Pressurized Bearings
Rotor Dynamic Implication of Variable Stiffness Bearings
Diagnostic Implications of Variable Stiffness Bearings
Summary
References

Shaft Cracks

Crack Initiation, Growth, and Fracture
Reduction of Shaft Stiffness Due To a Crack
Shaft Asymmetry and 2X Vibration
The First Rule of Crack Detection (1X)
The Second Rule of Crack Detection (2X)
Other Malfunctions That Produce IX Vibration Changes
Other Malfunctions That Produce 2X Vibration
Design and Operating Recommendations
Monitoring Recommendations
Summary

Appendix

A1 Phase Measurement Conventions The Instrumentation Convention The Mathematical Convention Converting Between The Two Conventions Phase on Bode and APHT Plots
A2 Filtered Orbit and Timebase Synthesis Timebase Synthesis Orbit Synthesis
A3 The Origin Of the Tangential Stiffness Term Modeling the Pressure Wedge Transformation to Stationary Coordinates Reference
A4 SAF Calculation Peak Ratio Method Phase Slope Method Polar Plot Method
A5 Vector Transforms Virtual Probe Rotation The Forward and Reverse Transform and Full Spectrum References
A7 Units of Measurement Metric/US Customary Unit Conversions Unit Prefixes Unit Abbreviations Force, Weight. and Mass in the US Customary System
AS Nomenclature Upper case Homan Lower case Roman Upper case Greek Lower case Greek