Training Courses

Duration
۳۲ hours, typically cwer four days

Format
Live public course
On-site course
Virtual online course
Video distance learning online courses and Life Long Learning (LCL) access

Compliance
Training and certification: ISO 18436-7
certification: ISO 18436-1. ISO/IEC 17024
Training: ISO 18436-3

Exam
Two hours
SO multiple-choice questions
۷۵% passing grade
Can be taken online or in-person at the course

Certification requirements
Training course completed
۱۲-months of work experience. verified by an independent person
Pass the Ishihara color perception test
Valid for S years

Pre-study
Access to the “Learning Zone” upon registration and payment
Complete set of videos covering every topic
An excellent way to be prepared and get the most from the course

Post-study
Continue to access the Learning Zone for 4-months after the course or upgrade your access for a lifetime with Life Long Learning (LCL)
Continue learning. without charge. on MOBIL’S CONNECT’ via WWWMOBIUSCONNECT.COM

Maintenance practices
Reactive, preventive, condition-based, proactive
How to decide between them

Condition monitoring
Why it works
Vibration, ultrasound, oil analysis, wear particle analysis, and electric motor testing
Detecting faults, root causes, and quality control

Principles of infrared thermography
understanding the difference between heat energy and temperature
The laws of thermodynamics
Heat transfer modes – conduction, convection and radiation
The thermal capacity of different materials

Thermal conduction
The fundamentals of conduction
Conductive heat transfer rate
Thermal conductivity of different materials

Thermal convection
The fundamentals of convection
Compensating for the “wind cooling effect”

Thermal radiation
The fundamentals of radiation
Emitted, reflected and transmitted radiation
Radiation wavelengths and the electromagnetic spectrum
Emissivity and the Stefan-Boltzmann Law
Incident and exitant radiation

Equipment and data acquisition
Understanding the infrared camera
Lenses and lens materials
Capturing and controlling the image with temperature range, level and span
Color palette selection
Error source recognition, prevention and control
Calibrating the thermal camera
Environmental and operational conditions
Image storage and management

Safety rules and guidelines
Hazard awareness
Standards and guides
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Thermographic applications
The basic principles of diagnostics (ISO 13379) and prognostics (ISO 13381)
Machinery engineering principles
Electrical application – fuses, transformers, switchgear, transmission lines etc
Mechanical application – pipes, tanks, refractories, heat exchangers etc
Civil applications – windows, air leaks, construction integrity etc
Process applications – steam traps

General image interpretation guidelines
Image processing
Fault classification

Report generation
Providing actionable information

#BallMill

#VibrationAnalysisCATI

#VibrationAnalysisCATII

#VibrationAnalysisCATIII

#VibrationAnalysisCATIV

#ExperimentalModalAnalysis

#OperationalModalAnalysis

#SPM

#ISO184362

#ElectroFAN

#MixerElectroGearbox

#ElectroMotor

#Emerald

#EMA

#Blower

#BentyNavada

#Bearing

#Refineries

#PayeshSanatKavirInstitute

#ConditionMonitoringWatertreatment

#ConditionMonitoringSagMill

#ConditionMonitoringBallMill

#ConditionMonitoringBearing

#BearingVibrationConditionMonitoring

#ConditionMonitoringReverseOsmosis

#ConditionMonitoringElectroFAN

#ConditionMonitoringMixerGearbox

#ConditionMonitoringElectroMotor

#ConditionMonitoringBlower

#ConditionMonitoringBentlyNevada

#RollingBearingConditionMonitoring

#JournalBearingConditionMonitoring

#ConditionMonitoringRefineries

#ConditionMonitoringPetroleum

#ConditionMonitoringpump

#ConditionMonitoringHPPump

#ConditionMonitoringpumping

#ConditionMonitoringwaterpurification

#ConditionMonitoringTurbine

#ConditionMonitoringPelletizingdiscs

#ConditionMonitoringScreen

#ConditionMonitoringprotectionsystems

#ConditionMonitoringBently3500

#ConditionMonitoringVM600

#ConditionMonitoringCementIndustry

#ConditionMonitoringIndustry

#ConditionMonitoringRevitalization

#ConditionMonitoringFiber

#ConditionMonitoringpackagin

#ConditionMonitoringCondensationIndustry

#ConditionMonitoringAutomotiveindustry

#ConditionMonitoringSmelting

#ConditionMonitoringspinningindustries

#ConditionMonitoringCeramics

#ConditionMonitoringGlassIndustries

#ConditionMonitoringFoodindustry

#ConditionMonitoringFerroalloyindustries

#ConditionMonitoringSteelindustries

#ConditionMonitoringPalletization

#ConditionMonitoringMiningIndustry

#ConditionMonitoringSteelrollingindustries

#ConditionMonitoringPowerplantindustries

#ConditionMonitoringAluminumindustry

#ConditionMonitoringFAN

#ConditionMonitoringGasCooler

#ConditionMonitoringConveyor

#ConditionMonitoringCompressors

#ConditionMonitoringScrewCompressor

#ConditionMonitoringOilInjectedScrewCompressor

#ConditionMonitoringOilFreeScrewCompressors

#ConditionMonitoringProcessCompressor

#ConditionMonitoringRegenerationCompressors

#ConditionMonitoringReciprocatingCompressor

#ConditionMonitoringRotaryKiln

#ConditionMonitoringGearbox

#ConditionMonitoringPelletizingGearbox

#ConditionMonitoringRollingGearboxes

#ConditionMonitoringMixer

#ConditionMonitoringBearings

#ConditionMonitoringRollingBearings

#ConditionMonitoringJournalBearing

#Petroleum

#ReverseOsmosisPump

#HPPump

#Waterpumpingandtreatment

#OrbitTechnique

#BearingDamageVibrationAnalysis

#OrbitAnalysis

#TimeSignalAnalysis

#OperativeDeflectionShape

#FailureRootCauseanalysis

#PhaseAnalysis

#waterpurification

#Condensation

#OperatingDeflectionMode

#OperatingDeflectionShape

#ODS

#OMA

#TurboMachine

#Turbomachinery

#Turbine

#ReverseOsmosisTurbine

#ShaftCenterLine

#UltrasonicInspection

#VibrationAnalysisServices

#ShaftAlignmentService

#BalanceServices

#InsituBalanceService

#DynamicBalancingService

#FlexibleRotorBalancing

#ConditionMonitoringServices

#Thermography

#ThermographyInspection

#ThermographyService

#ShockPulseMeasuringServices

#ShockPulseHDServices

#AlignmentServices

#Diamond

#ISO184367CourseBased

#VibrationCourse

#ImplementationConditionMonitoringprogramCourses

#VibrationAnalysisCourses

#BearingVibrationCourse

#CompressorDamageVibrationAnalysis

#GearboxDamageVibrationAnalysis

#PhaseAnalysisCourse

#TimeSignalAnalysisCourse

#TurbomachineryCourse

#VibrationAnalysisCATIIMobiusISO18436-2

#VibrationAnalysisCATIIIMobiusISO18436-2

#VibrationAnalysisCATIMobiusISO18436-2

#DesignConditionMonitoringprogramCourses

#TrainingCourses

#AdvancedVibrationsBasedOnACaseStudy

#ShaftAlignmentCource

#Pelletizingdiscs

#RotordynamicCourse

#Screen

#SagMill

#protectionsystems

#Bently3500

#VM600protectionsystems

#NEC

#VMI

#Industry

#Revitalization

#Fiber

#packagin

#PetroleumRefineries

#Automotiveindustry

#Smelting

#spinning

#Ceramics

#GlassIndustries

#Foodindustry

#Ferroalloyindustries

#Palletization

#Mining

#Steelrollingindustries

#Powerplantindustries

#Aluminumindustry

#CementIndustry

#Falcon

#FLIR

#FAN

#GasCooler

#Steel

#CondmasterRuby

#Conveyor

#Compresspr

#ScrewCompressors

#OilInjectedScrewCompressor

#OilFreeScrewCompressors

#ProcessCompressor

#RegenerationCompressors

#ReciprocatingCompressor

#RotaryKiln

#Gearbox

#PelletizingGearbox

#RollingGearbox

#Matlab

#Maintenance

#AuthorizedMobiusPartner

#AuthorizedMobiusInstitutePartner

#SCL

#Rolling

#LaserAlignment

#VMICompany

#RollingBearing

#JournalBearing

TOPICS COVERED – SENIOR ANALYST CATEGORY Ill :

:Signal processing
Filters: Low pass, band pass, high pass, band stop
Sampling, aliasing, dynamic range
Signal-to-noise ratio
Resolution, Frnax, data collection time
Averaging: linear, overlap, peak hold, time synchronous
Windowing and leakage
Order tracking
Cross-channel measurements
Correlation and coherence

:Time waveform analysis
Collecting data — ensuring you have the correct setup
?When should you use time waveform analysis
Diagnosing unbalance, misalignment, bent shaft, eccentricity, cocked bearing,resonance, looseness, and other conditions

:phase analysis
Collecting data
Bubble diagrams
Diagnosing unbalance, misalignment, bent shaft, eccentricity, cocked bearing, resonance, looseness, and other conditions

:Dynamics (natural frequencies and resonance)
Natural frequencies and resonances
Mass, stiffness, and damping
SDOF and MDOF

:Testing for natural frequencies
Run-up coast down tests
Bode plots and Nyquist (polar) plots
Impact and bump tests

:Operating Deflection Shape (ODS) analysis
?Can we prove the existence of a natural frequency
Visualizing vibration
Setting up the job
Collecting phase readings correctly
Interpreting the deflection shape
Using Motion Amplification

:Modal analysis and intro to FEA
?How does modal analysis differ from ODS
How does Finite Element Analysis (FEA) differ from modal analysis
A quick review of the modal testing process

:Correcting resonances
The effect of mass and stiffness
Beware of nodal points
Adding damping
A ‘trial and error’ approach
A ‘scientific’ approach
Isolation
Tuned absorbers and tuned mass dampers

:Rolling element bearing fault detection
?Why do bearings fail
Cocked bearing, sliding on the shaft or inside the housing, looseness
EDM and DC motors and VFDs
Bearing frequencies and what to do when you don’t have all the details
The four stages of bearing degradation
Ultrasound
High-frequency detection techniques
Shock pulse, Spike Energy, peak Vue, and other techniques
Demodulation/enveloping
Selecting the correct filter settings
Spectrum analysis
Time waveform analysis
Low-speed bearings

:Journal bearing fault detection
?What are journal bearings
Measuring displacement
Introduction to orbit plots
Using your analyzer to acquire orbit plots
Introduction to centerline diagrams
Eccentricity ratio
Glitch removal
How the orbit changes with pre-load, unbalance, misalignment, instabilities, oil whir and whip

:Electric motor testing
?How do motors work
Diagnosing a range of fault conditions: eccentric rotor, eccentric stator, soft foot, phasing, broken rotor bars, rotor bar, and stator slot pass frequencies
Motor current analysis

:pumps, fans, and compressors
Unique fault conditions
Flow turbulence, recirculation, cavitation

:Gearbox fault detection
Spectrum analysis versus time waveform analysis
Wear particle analysis
Gearmesh, gear assembly phase frequency (and common factors)
Tooth load, broken teeth, gear eccentricity and misalignment, backlash and more

:Corrective action
General maintenance repair activities
Review of the balancing process and ISO balance grades
Review of shaft alignment procedures

:Running a successful condition monitoring program
Defining the program
Setting baselines
Setting alarms: band, envelope/mask, statistical
Setting goals and expectations (avoiding common problems)
Report generation
Reporting success stories

Acceptance testing

Review of ISO standards

BallMill

VibrationAnalysisCATI

VibrationAnalysisCATII

VibrationAnalysisCATIII

VibrationAnalysisCATIV

ExperimentalModalAnalysis

OperationalModalAnalysis

SPM

ISO184362

ElectroFAN

MixerElectroGearbox

ElectroMotor

Emerald

EMA

Blower

BentyNavada

Bearing

Refineries

PayeshSanatKavirInstitute

ConditionMonitoringWatertreatment

ConditionMonitoringSagMill

ConditionMonitoringBallMill

ConditionMonitoringBearing

BearingVibrationConditionMonitoring

ConditionMonitoringReverseOsmosis

ConditionMonitoringElectroFAN

ConditionMonitoringMixerGearbox

ConditionMonitoringElectroMotor

ConditionMonitoringBlower

ConditionMonitoringBentlyNevada

RollingBearingConditionMonitoring

JournalBearingConditionMonitoring

ConditionMonitoringRefineries

ConditionMonitoringPetroleum

ConditionMonitoringpump

ConditionMonitoringHPPump

ConditionMonitoringpumping

ConditionMonitoringwaterpurification

ConditionMonitoringTurbine

ConditionMonitoringPelletizingdiscs

ConditionMonitoringScreen

ConditionMonitoringprotectionsystems

ConditionMonitoringBently3500

ConditionMonitoringVM600

ConditionMonitoringCementIndustry

ConditionMonitoringIndustry

ConditionMonitoringRevitalization

ConditionMonitoringFiber

ConditionMonitoringpackagin

ConditionMonitoringCondensationIndustry

ConditionMonitoringAutomotiveindustry

ConditionMonitoringSmelting

ConditionMonitoringspinningindustries

ConditionMonitoringCeramics

ConditionMonitoringGlassIndustries

ConditionMonitoringFoodindustry

ConditionMonitoringFerroalloyindustries

ConditionMonitoringSteelindustries

ConditionMonitoringPalletization

ConditionMonitoringMiningIndustry

ConditionMonitoringSteelrollingindustries

ConditionMonitoringPowerplantindustries

ConditionMonitoringAluminumindustry

ConditionMonitoringFAN

ConditionMonitoringGasCooler

ConditionMonitoringConveyor

ConditionMonitoringCompressors

ConditionMonitoringScrewCompressor

ConditionMonitoringOilInjectedScrewCompressor

ConditionMonitoringOilFreeScrewCompressors

ConditionMonitoringProcessCompressor

ConditionMonitoringRegenerationCompressors

ConditionMonitoringReciprocatingCompressor

ConditionMonitoringRotaryKiln

ConditionMonitoringGearbox

ConditionMonitoringPelletizingGearbox

ConditionMonitoringRollingGearboxes

ConditionMonitoringMixer

ConditionMonitoringBearings

ConditionMonitoringRollingBearings

ConditionMonitoringJournalBearing

Petroleum

ReverseOsmosisPump

HPPump

Waterpumpingandtreatment

OrbitTechnique

BearingDamageVibrationAnalysis

OrbitAnalysis

TimeSignalAnalysis

OperativeDeflectionShape

FailureRootCauseanalysis

PhaseAnalysis

waterpurification

Condensation

OperatingDeflectionMode

OperatingDeflectionShape

ODS

OMA

TurboMachine

Turbomachinery

Turbine

ReverseOsmosisTurbine

ShaftCenterLine

UltrasonicInspection

VibrationAnalysisServices

ShaftAlignmentService

BalanceServices

InsituBalanceService

DynamicBalancingService

FlexibleRotorBalancing

ConditionMonitoringServices

Thermography

ThermographyInspection

ThermographyService

ShockPulseMeasuringServices

ShockPulseHDServices

AlignmentServices

Diamond

ISO184367CourseBased

VibrationCourse

ImplementationConditionMonitoringprogramCourses

VibrationAnalysisCourses

BearingVibrationCourse

CompressorDamageVibrationAnalysis

GearboxDamageVibrationAnalysis

PhaseAnalysisCourse

TimeSignalAnalysisCourse

TurbomachineryCourse

VibrationAnalysisCATIIMobiusISO18436-2

VibrationAnalysisCATIIIMobiusISO18436-2

VibrationAnalysisCATIMobiusISO18436-2

DesignConditionMonitoringprogramCourses

TrainingCourses

AdvancedVibrationsBasedOnACaseStudy

ShaftAlignmentCource

Pelletizingdiscs

RotordynamicCourse

Screen

SagMill

protectionsystems

Bently3500

VM600protectionsystems

NEC

VMI

Industry

Revitalization

Fiber

packagin

PetroleumRefineries

Automotiveindustry

Smelting

spinning

Ceramics

GlassIndustries

Foodindustry

Ferroalloyindustries

Palletization

Mining

Steelrollingindustries

Powerplantindustries

Aluminumindustry

CementIndustry

Falcon

FLIR

FAN

GasCooler

Steel

CondmasterRuby

Conveyor

Compresspr

ScrewCompressors

OilInjectedScrewCompressor

OilFreeScrewCompressors

ProcessCompressor

RegenerationCompressors

ReciprocatingCompressor

RotaryKiln

Gearbox

PelletizingGearbox

RollingGearbox

Matlab

Maintenance

AuthorizedMobiusPartner

AuthorizedMobiusInstitutePartner

SCL

Rolling

LaserAlignment

VMICompany

RollingBearing

JournalBearing

TOPICS COVERED – INTERMEDIATE ANALYST CATEGORY Il:

Review of maintenance practices

Review of condition monitoring technologies

:Principles of vibration
Complete review of basics
Waveform, spectrum (FFT), phase and orbits
Understanding signals: modulation, beating, sum/difference

:Data acquisition
Transducer types: Non-contact displacement

:Proximity probes, velocity sensors, and accelerometers
Transducer selection
Transducer mounting and natural frequency
Measurement point selection
Following routes, and test planning
Common measurement errors

:Signal processing
Filters: Low pass, band pass, high pass, band stop
Sampling, aliasing, dynamic range
Resolution, Fmax, data collection time
Averaging: linear, overlap, peak hold, time synchronous
Windowing and leakage

:Vibration analysis
Spectrum analysis
Time waveform analysis (introduction)
Orbit analysis (introduction)
Phase analysis: bubble diagrams and ODS
Enveloping (demodulation), shock pulse, spike energy, PeakVue

:Fault analysis
Natural frequencies and resonances
Imbalance, eccentricity and bent shaft
Misalignment, cocked bearing and soft foot
Mechanical looseness
Rolling element bearing analysis
Analysis of induction motors
Analysis of gears
Analysis of belt-driven machines
Analysis of pumps, compressors, and fans

:Equipment testing and diagnostics
Impact testing and bump tests
Phase analysis

:Corrective action
General maintenance repair activities
Review of the balancing process
Review of shaft alignment procedures

:Running a successful condition monitoring program
Setting baselines
Setting alarms: band, envelope/mask, statistical
Setting goals and expectations (avoiding common problems)
Report generation
Reporting success stories

Acceptance testing

Review of ISO standards

Ball_Mill

Vibration_Analysis_CAT_I

Vibration_Analysis_CAT_II

Vibration_Analysis_CAT_III

Vibration_Analysis_CAT_IV

Experimental_Modal_Analysis

Operational_Modal_Analysis

SPM

ISO_18436_2

Electro_FAN

Mixer_Electro_Gearbox

Electro_Motor

Emerald

EMA

Blower

Benty_Navada

Bearing

Refineries

Payesh_Sanat_Kavir_Institute

Condition_Monitoring_Water_treatment

Condition_Monitoring_Sag_Mill

Condition_Monitoring_Ball_Mill

Condition_Monitoring_Bearing

Bearing_Vibration_Condition_Monitoring

Condition_Monitoring_Reverse_Osmosis

Condition_Monitoring_Electro_FAN

Condition_Monitoring_Mixer_Gearbox

Condition_Monitoring_Electro_Motor

Condition_Monitoring_Blower

Condition_Monitoring_Bently_Nevada

Rolling_Bearing_Condition_Monitoring

Journal_Bearing_Condition_Monitoring

Condition_Monitoring_Refineries

Condition_Monitoring_Petroleum

Condition_Monitoring_pump

Condition_Monitoring_HP_Pump

Condition_Monitoring_pumping

Condition_Monitoring_water_purification

Condition_Monitoring_Turbine

Condition_Monitoring_Pelletizing_discs

Condition_Monitoring_Screen

Condition_Monitoring_protection_systems

Condition_Monitoring_Bently_3500

Condition_Monitoring_VM600

Condition_Monitoring_Cement_Industry

Condition_Monitoring_Industry

Condition_Monitoring_Revitalization

Condition_Monitoring_Fiber

Condition_Monitoring_packagin

Condition_Monitoring_Condensation_Industry

Condition_Monitoring_Automotive_industry

Condition_Monitoring_Smelting

Condition_Monitoring_spinning_industries

Condition_Monitoring_Ceramics

Condition_Monitoring_Glass_Industries

Condition_Monitoring_Food_industry

Condition_Monitoring_Ferroalloy_industries

Condition_Monitoring_Steel_industries

Condition_Monitoring_Palletization

Condition_Monitoring_Mining_Industry

Condition_Monitoring_Steel_rolling_industries

Condition_Monitoring_Power_plant_industries

Condition_Monitoring_Aluminum_industry

Condition_Monitoring_FAN

Condition_Monitoring_Gas_Cooler

Condition_Monitoring_Conveyor

Condition_Monitoring_Compressors

Condition_Monitoring_Screw_Compressor

Condition_Monitoring_Oil_Injected_Screw_Compressor

Condition_Monitoring_Oil_Free_Screw_Compressors

Condition_Monitoring_Process_Compressor

Condition_Monitoring_Regeneration_Compressors

Condition_Monitoring_Reciprocating_Compressor

Condition_Monitoring_Rotary_Kiln

Condition_Monitoring_Gearbox

Condition_Monitoring_Pelletizing_Gearbox

Condition_Monitoring_Rolling_Gearboxes

Condition_Monitoring_Mixer

Condition_Monitoring_Bearings

Condition_Monitoring_Rolling_Bearings

Condition_Monitoring_Journal_Bearing

Petroleum

Reverse_Osmosis_Pump

HP_Pump

Water_pumping_and_treatment

Orbit_Technique

Bearing_Damage_Vibration_Analysis

Orbit_Analysis

Time_Signal_Analysis

Operative_Deflection_Shape

Failure_Root_Cause_analysis

Phase_Analysis

water_purification

Condensation

Operating_Deflection_Mode

Operating_Deflection_Shape

ODS

OMA

TurboMachine

Turbomachinery

Turbine

Reverse_Osmosis_Turbine

Shaft_Center_Line

Ultrasonic_Inspection

Vibration_Analysis_Services

Shaft_Alignment_Service

Balance_Services

In_situ_Balance_Service

Dynamic_Balancing_Service

Flexible_Rotor_Balancing

Condition_Monitoring_Services

Thermography

Thermography_Inspection

Thermography_Service

Shock_Pulse_Measuring_Services

Shock_Pulse_HD_Services

Alignment_Services

Diamond

ISO_18436_7_Course_Based

Vibration_Course

Implementation_Condition_Monitoring_program_Courses

Vibration_Analysis_Courses

Bearing_Vibration_Course

Compressor_Damage_Vibration_Analysis

Gearbox_Damage_Vibration_Analysis

Phase_Analysis_Course

Time_Signal_Analysis_Course

Turbomachinery_Course

Vibration_Analysis_CAT_II_Mobius_ISO_18436-2

Vibration_Analysis_CAT_III_Mobius_ISO_18436-2

Vibration_Analysis_CAT_I_Mobius_ISO_18436-2

Design_Condition_Monitoring_program_Courses

Training_Courses

Advanced_Vibrations_Based_On_A_Case_Study

Shaft_Alignment_Cource

Pelletizing_discs

Rotordynamic_Course

Screen

Sag_Mill

protection_systems

Bently_3500

VM600_protection_systems

NEC

VMI

Industry

Revitalization

Fiber

packagin

Petroleum_Refineries

Automotive_industry

Smelting

spinning

Ceramics

Glass_Industries

Food_industry

Ferroalloy_industries

Palletization

Mining

Steel_rolling_industries

Power_plant_industries

Aluminum_industry

Cement_Industry

Falcon

FLIR

FAN

Gas_Cooler

Steel

Condmaster_Ruby

Conveyor

Compresspr

Screw_Compressors

Oil_Injected_Screw_Compressor

Oil_Free_Screw_Compressors

Process_Compressor

Regeneration_Compressors

Reciprocating_Compressor

Rotary_Kiln

Gearbox

Pelletizing_Gearbox

Rolling_Gearbox

Matlab

Maintenance

Authorized_Mobius_Partner

Authorized_Mobius_Institute_Partner

SCL

Rolling

Laser_Alignment

VMI_Company

Rolling_Bearing

Journal_Bearing

TOPICS COVERED – JUNIOR ANALYST CATEGORY I:

:Maintenance practices
Reactive, preventive, condition-based, proactive
How to decide
between them

:Condition monitoring
Why it works
Ultrasound, infrared, oil analysis, wear
particle analysis, and electric motor testing

:principles of vibration
Waveforms
Metrics: overall levels, RMS, P k, Pk-to-Peak, and crest factor

:Introduction to vibration measurement
Vibration sensors: displacement, velocity, acceleration
Vibration units
Mounting: where and how
Naming conventions
Repeatability and quality
Vibration axes: V, H, A, R, and T
?What are “routes” and how do you create them
Detecting and avoiding poor data

An introduction to the time waveform

:An introduction to the spectrum
An introduction to forcing frequencies

A brief introduction to phase

:Signal processing (just the absolute basics)
A quick tour of your analyzer settings
Fmax
Resolution
Spectral averaging

:Vibration analysis
The spectrum analysis process

What is resonance — a quick introduction

:Diagnosing common fault conditions
Unbalance
Misalignment
Rolling element bearing failure
Looseness
Resonance

Setting alarm limits

.

Rolling Bearings are vital components in various industries and ensure accurate and smooth rotation of equipment.
Various defects and failures can happen to them, which prevent their efficiency and proper functioning.
Bearing failure creates many parallel and simultaneous patterns. Full knowledge of these patterns helps us to diagnose their failure with sufficient confidence even without “having enough information about the bearing number”.

An example of vibration techniques for detecting bearing defects that we can use to correctly diagnose the failure and estimate its severity:

A- Frequency spectrum Symptom of Vibration velocity spectrum)
B-1 Vibration acceleration spectrum: Frequency spectrum Symptom
B-2 Vibration acceleration spectrum: Noise floor
C- Pattern of time signal Vibration acceleration
D- Frequency spectrum Symptom of acceleration envelope
E- Evaluation of the value or changes (trend) of the values of different parameters

Evaluation of the value or changes (trends) of parameters

Each parameter gives us a value that hopefully represents the health or failure of the bearing. Certainly, if this method (method E) is highly reliable, it will greatly reduce our work in reducing analyzes (methods A to D)

To use a parameter correctly, it is necessary to know exactly how it is calculated, because only in this case we will be able to have a correct understanding of its accuracy and the reason for its changes under different conditions.

In various industries, we have seen that the incorrect use of parameters has led to premature replacement of healthy bearings or even jamming of the bearing without warning.

For this reason, in the training course “BEARING DAMAGE VIBRATION ANALYSIS”, while testing several different failures, we examine the effect of failure severity and rotation speed on the values of different parameters.
We also examine the theoretical concepts related to these parameters and the conditions under which these parameters have errors.

Also, in order to increase accuracy, we will examine how to “simultaneously use” the “above techniques (A to E)” so that we can ensure the presence of failure and the severity of failure growth with sufficient confidence.

Today, different equipments offer different parameters according to their available signal processing and sensors:

In this brief article, we review some of these parameters:

BC- Skew- BCU -HDM- dBM- SFx-Spike Energy- Peak value-Crest Factor- Envelope Parameter

dBM parameter of the SPM Sock Pulse Method: Is calculated from the statistical analysis of the detected signals at very high frequencies.

HDM parameter: It is an improved method of dBM parameter.

BC parameter: It is the RMS value of acceleration signal with high-pass filter.

BCU parameter or Bearing Condition Unit: It is a parameter that expresses the condition of the high frequency vibration range.

The parameters extracted from the envelope signal: These parameters are depend on the demodulated acceleration signal in the considered frequency band. Considering that the signal is manipulated in the envelope process, the obtained units are not standard and different equipment use different units to express the value of the envelope signal. Such as: eu, Hdrp, gE, …

Kurt or Kutosis parameter: Kurtosis; the amount of transients in the vibration signal “tailedness” of the probability distribution of random variable.

Crest Factor parameter or sharpness index: It shows the ratio of the peak value to the RMS value. To diagnose bearing failure, this parameter is often checked in the acceleration unit.

RMS parameter: shows the RMS value of the signal. To detect bearing failure, this parameter is often checked in the acceleration unit.

Some of the out cases ostudy whose will be analyzed individually by candidates

This reference and its contents are one of the best references for turbomachinery courses

Table of Content

Vibration

The Basic Vibration Signal
Frequency
Amplitude
Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration
The Vibration of Machines
Rotation and Precession
Free Vibration
Forced Vibration
Resonance
Self-Excited Vibration
Summary

Phase

What is Phase
Why Is Phase Important
The Keyphasor Event
Phase Measurement
Absolute Phase
Relative Phase
Differential Phase
Summary

Vibration Vectors

Unfiltered Vibration
Filtering and the Vibration Vector
Working with Vibration Vectors
The Slow Roll Vector
Summary

Timebase Plots

The Structure of a Timebase Plot
The Keyphasor Mark
Compensation of Timebase Plots
Information Contained in the Timebase Plot
Summary

The Orbit

The Construction of the Orbit
The Keyphasor Mark
Compensation of Orbits
Information Contained in the Orbit
The Orbit/Timebase Plot
Summary

Average Shaft Centerline Plots

The Construction of the Average Shaft Centerline Plot
Information Contained in the Average Shaft Centerline Plot
The Complete Picture: Orbit Plus Average Shaft Centerline Position
Summary

Polar, Bode, and APHT Plots

The Structure of Polar and Bode Plots
Slow Roll Compensation
Information Contained in Polar and Bode Plots
APHT Plots
Acceptance Region Plots
Summary
References

Half and Full Spectrum Plots

The Half Spectrum Plot
Technical Issues
The Full Spectrum
Spectrum Cascade Plots
Spectrum Waterfall Plots
Summary

The Rotor System Model

Introduction to Modeling
Assumptions
The Coordinate System and Position Vector
Lambda (A): A Model of Fluid Circulation
Fluid-film Bearing Forces and Stiffnesses
Other Sources of Spring Stiffness
The Damping Force
The Perturbation Force
The Free Body Diagram
The Equation of Motion
Solution of the Equation of Motion
Nonsynchronous Dynamic Stiffness
Amplitude and Phase of the Vibration Response
The Attitude Angle: Rotor Response to a Static Radial Load
Synchronous Rotor Response
Synchronous Dynamic Stiffness
Predicted Rotor Vibration
Nonlinearities
The Benefits and Limitations of the Simple Model
Extending the Simple Model
Summary
References

Dynamic Stiffness and Rotor Behavior

What Is Dynamic Stiffness
Rotor Parameters and Dynamic Stiffness
Synchronous Rotor Behavior
Synchronous Behavior Below Resonance
Synchronous Behavior At The Balance Resonance
How Changes In Dynamic Stiffness Affect Vibration
Summary

Modes of Vibration

Mode Shapes
Forced Mode Shapes and Multimode Response
Modal Parameters
The Measurement of Mode Shape
Mode Identification Probes
Summary

Anisotropic Stiffness

Anisotropic Stiffness
Split Resonances
Measured Rotor Behavior and Anisotropic Stiffness
Probe Mounting Orientation and Measured Response
Virtual Probe Rotation
Forward and Reverse Vectors
Summary
References

Rotor Stability Analysis: The Root Locus

What is Stability
Stability and Dynamic Stiffness
Stability Analysis
State-Space Formulation of the Eigenvalue Problem
The Root Locus Plot
The Root Locus and Amplification Factors
Parameter Variation and the Root Locus
The Root Locus of Anisotropic and Multimode Systems
The Root Locus and the Logarithmic Decrement
The Root Locus and the Campbell Diagram
Root Locus Analysis of Machine Stability Problems
Summary
References

Torsional and Axial Vibration

The Torsional View of the Rotor
Static and Dynamic Torsional Response
Torsional/Radial Cross Coupling
Torsional Vibration Measurement
Axial Vibration
Summary
References

Basic Balancing of Rotor Systems

Unbalance and Rotor Response
Vibration Transducers And Balancing
Balancing Methodology
Locating the Heavy Spot Using a Polar Plot
Using Polar Plots Of Velocity and Acceleration Data
Selecting the Calibration Weight
Relating Balance Ring Location To Polar Plot Location
Single Plane Balancing With Calibration Weights
Weight Splitting
The Influence Vector
The Influence Vector And Dynamic Stiffness
Multiple Modes And Multiplane Balancing
Multiplane Balancing With Influence Vectors
How Balancing Can Go Wrong
Summary
References

Malfunctions

Introduction to Malfunctions

What is a Malfunction
Detection of Malfunctions

Unbalance

Rotor System Vibration Due To Unbalance
Stress and Damage
Other Things That Can Look Like Unbalance
Runout
Rotor Bow
Electrical Noise in the Transducer System
Coupling Problems
Shaft Crack
Loose Part or Debris
Rotor Dynamic Effects of Rotor Bow
Thermal Bow During Operation
Diagnosing Rotor Bow
Removing Rotor Bow
Summary
References

High Radial Loads and Misalignment

Static Radial Loads
What Is Misalignment
Temperature Changes and Alignment
Causes of Misalignment
Symptoms of High Radial Load and Misalignment
Bearing Temperature
Vibration Changes
Stresses and Wear
Abnormal Average Shaft Centerline Position
Orbit Shape
Rub
Fluid-induced Instability
Summary

Rub and Looseness

Rub and Looseness
Partial Radial Rub
Full Annular Rub
Rub-Induced Forces and Spring Stiffness Changes
Rub and Steady State 1X Vibration
Rub and IX Vibration During Resonance
Subsynchronous Vibration
Symptoms of Rub
Other Malfunctions with Similar Symptom
Summary

Fluid-Induced Instability

The Cause of Fluid-Induced Instability
Modes of Instability: Whirl and Whip
Symptoms of Fluid-induced Instability
Other Malfunctions That Can Produce Similar Symptoms
Locating the Source of Instability
Eliminating Fluid-Induced Instability
Summary

Externally Pressurized Bearings and Machinery Diagnostics

Types of Bearings
Internally Pressurized Fluid-Film Bearings
Externally Pressurized Fluid-Film Bearings
Stiffness and Modal Damping in Fluid-Film Bearings
Variable Stiffness in Internally Pressurized Bearings
Variable Stiffness in Externally Pressurized Bearings
Rotor Dynamic Implication of Variable Stiffness Bearings
Diagnostic Implications of Variable Stiffness Bearings
Summary
References

Shaft Cracks

Crack Initiation, Growth, and Fracture
Reduction of Shaft Stiffness Due To a Crack
Shaft Asymmetry and 2X Vibration
The First Rule of Crack Detection (1X)
The Second Rule of Crack Detection (2X)
Other Malfunctions That Produce IX Vibration Changes
Other Malfunctions That Produce 2X Vibration
Design and Operating Recommendations
Monitoring Recommendations
Summary

Appendix

A1 Phase Measurement Conventions The Instrumentation Convention The Mathematical Convention Converting Between The Two Conventions Phase on Bode and APHT Plots
A2 Filtered Orbit and Timebase Synthesis Timebase Synthesis Orbit Synthesis
A3 The Origin Of the Tangential Stiffness Term Modeling the Pressure Wedge Transformation to Stationary Coordinates Reference
A4 SAF Calculation Peak Ratio Method Phase Slope Method Polar Plot Method
A5 Vector Transforms Virtual Probe Rotation The Forward and Reverse Transform and Full Spectrum References
A7 Units of Measurement Metric/US Customary Unit Conversions Unit Prefixes Unit Abbreviations Force, Weight. and Mass in the US Customary System
AS Nomenclature Upper case Homan Lower case Roman Upper case Greek Lower case Greek