Training Courses

ISO 10814:1996
Gives methods for determining machine vibration sensitivity to unbalance and provides evaluation guidelines. Makes recommendations on how to apply the numerical sensitivity values in some particular cases.

ISO 10814:1996 Withdrawn with ISO 21940-31:2013

ISO 21940-31:2013
Introduction
Rotor balancing during manufacture is normally sufficient to attain acceptable in-service vibration magnitudes if other sources of vibration are absent.
However, additional balancing during commissioning may become necessary and after commissioning,some machines may require occasional or even frequent rebalancing in situ.
If vibration magnitudes are unsatisfactory during commissioning, the reason may be inadequate balancing or assembly errors. Another important cause may be that an assembled machine is especially sensitive to relatively small residual unbalances which are well within normal balance tolerances.
If vibration magnitudes are unsatisfactory, the first step often is an attempt to reduce the vibration by balancing in situ. If high vibration magnitudes can be reduced by installing relatively small correction masses, high sensitivity to unbalance is indicated. This can arise, for example, if a resonance rotational
speed is close to the normal operating speed and the damping in the system is low.

A sensitive machine which is also highly susceptible to its unbalance changing, may require frequent rebalancing in situ. This may be caused, for example, by changes in wear, temperature, mass, stiffness, and damping during operation.

If the unbalance and other conditions of the machine are essentially constant, occasional trim balancing may be sufficient. Otherwise it may be necessary to modify the machine to change the resonance speed, damping or other parameters to obtain acceptable vibration magnitudes. Therefore, there is a need to consider permissible sensitivity values of the machine.

The repeatability of the unbalance sensitivity of a machine is influenced by several factors and may change during operation. Some thermal machines, especially those with sleeve bearings, have modal vibration characteristics which vary with particular operational parameters (e.g. steam pressure and temperature, partial steam admission or oil temperature). For electrical machines, other parameters such as the excitation current may influence the vibration behaviour. In general, the machine vibration characteristics are influenced by the design features of the machine, including coupling of the rotor and its support conditions including the foundation. It should be noted that the rotor support conditions may vary with time (e.g. wear and tear).

This part of ISO 21940 is only concerned with once-per-revolution vibration caused by unbalance; however, it should be recognized that unbalance is not the only cause of once-per-revolution vibration.

Detection of Stator Shorted-turns Fault in Three-phase Induction Motors using MCSA

The following is an excerpt from William T. Thomson’s book and VIBER X5 Application Notes No.1 (REV.A) Motor Current Signature Analysis

In fixed frequency, low voltage, main’s fed induction motors, it is generally accepted that there is normally no pre-warning of insulation degradation. It is normally the case that the insulation degradation in main’s fed, low voltage stator winding cannot be initially diagnosed via online measurements, and the first indication of a problem will be that a fault actually develops.

The concept that the rotor has already developed a fault and will need to be repaired has prevailed; hence, if it is a low voltage induction motor the often the approach is to let it run to failure.

However, in modern production processes any lead-time can be extremely advantageous since unexpected failure of a strategic. Low voltage, induction motor drive can be very costly, and, in some industries, it can be arranged for the motor to be replaced by a healthy one, and the faulty one is send for repair.
Generally, stator winding-related failures can be divided into five groups: turn-to-turns, coil-tocoil,line-to-line,line-to-ground and open-circuit faults.
Among the five failure modes, turn-toturn faults (stator turn fault) have to be considered the most challenging one since the other types of failures are usually the consequences of turn faults.

The following is an excerpt from William T. Thomson’s book.

It demands more than that and an engineer who intends to apply MCSA should obtain the following competencies

The ability to correctly understand the principles of operation of a 3-phase induction motor during normal operation and to correctly apply the basic equations which are required for MCSA testing.

An understanding of the basic construction of large SCIMs.

An understanding of the implications of DOL starts, the torque versus speed curves of the SCIM and its mechanical loads and how to calculate, for example, the run-up time of the motor when driving a mechanical load such as a compressor or pump.

In which MCSA detected broken rotor bars, were due to the following

Too many sequential (DOL) starts causing inherent high starting currents,outwith the motor’s design capabilities, Richard Nailen [1.51, 1.52], for example, when the end user does not abide by the original manufacturer’s (OEM’s) specification for the time delays between sequential starts.

Incorrect matching of the motor’s torque–speed curve to the torque–speed curve of the load, so that there is insufficient accelerating torque to cope with all the starting conditions, to which the motor may be subjected by the end user.

The following is an excerpt from William T. Thomson’s book:

Current Signature Analysis for Condition Monitoring of Cage Induction Motors: Industrial Application and Case Histories, First Edition
Author(s): William T. Thomson Ian Culbert
First published:17 December 2016

Consequently, this book is focused on providing a knowledge source for industrial engineers, who are responsible at various levels for the operation, maintenance, and condition monitoring of induction motors driving strategic mechanical plant.
This book should be of interest to motor manufacturers (OEMs) and electric motor repair shops, since certain end users are now equiring MCSA tests on brand new motors and after repairs to a SCIM to provide base-line current spectra for comparisons with future on-site MCSA measurements.
The OEMs and motor repair workshops should also find MCSA a useful test for their own internal QA/QC checks to estimate the perational condition of a cage winding and operational airgap eccentricity during a full-load heat run. However, this would not be part of a Factory Acceptance Test unless there was a formal contractual agreement to so do.

The following is an excerpt from William T. Thomson’s book:

Current Signature Analysis for Condition Monitoring of Cage Induction Motors: Industrial Application and Case Histories, First Edition
Author(s): William T. Thomson Ian Culbert
First published:17 December 2016

For further reading, the list of references used is attached at the end of the text.

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF MCSA

In the late 1970s to mid-1980s, novel and fundamental research and development work was simultaneously initiated in the United States, United Kingdom, and mainland Europe on the study of current (and spectra) as a function of cage winding breaks in induction motors. In the United States, this work was reported by, for example, Kliman et al. [1.43, 1.44] and in the United Kingdom and mainland Europe various researchers reported on this topic, including, Williamson, [1.45], Vas [1.46], Deleroi [1.47], Hargis et al. [1.48], Tavner [1.49], Filipetti et al. [1.50], and Thomson [1.34].
In 1982, Thomson initiated research into the diagnosis, via MCSA, of unacceptable levels of operational airgap eccentricity in large HV induction motors operating in power stations and offshore oil production platforms and was the first to report an industrial case history in 1986, when an airgap eccentricity problem was diagnosed [1.37].

With advances in digital signal processing, in the late 1970s, it became possible to produce accurate current spectra of the electrical current to the motor and thus diagnose current signatures indicative of cage winding breaks or abnormal levels of airgap eccentricity between the rotor and stator. Both these problems can lead to consequential stator winding and core damage and failures. Although spectrum analyzers and commercially available MCSA instruments can produce current spectra, which present information pertaining to a cage winding break or abnormal airgap eccentricity and are now widely used by industry, it has to be recognized that such instruments are measurement tools to provide current spectra as the initial source of information to be subsequently interpreted as to whether a problem may or may not exist.

It is important to appreciate that MCSA “cannot distinguish” between broken rotor bars and a broken end ring and it certainly cannot identify the position in the cage winding where there is a broken bar. In practice this is not required by industrial end users, since they are only interested in the operational integrity of cage windings in induction motors and whether there is truly a cage winding break that can lead to a motor failure and downtime. When an MCSA instrument indicates that broken rotor bars exist, it cannot deliver a decision on the action to be taken by the end user and it is here, via the case histories, that this book provides the knowledge to assist end users in decisions on the action to be taken to prevent a catastrophic failure.

The Effect of Unbalance on Bearing Life
SANJAY TANEJA
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSRJMCE)
ISSN : 2278-1684 Volume 1, Issue 2 (July-Aug 2012), PP 47-54